Chloroplast/Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing_Sequencing and Chip Technology_Custom Services

Introduction

Plasmid and mitochondria are essential organelles in plant cells. Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight and mitochondria indirectly supply energy within plant cells; together they form the powerhouses of the cell. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria possess their own genomes. The chloroplast (cp) genome and mitochondrial (mt) genomes are often used for the study of plant evolution.

Chloroplast Genome Sequencing

Chloroplasts are active metabolic centers that sustain life on earth by converting solar energy to carbohydrates through the process of photosynthesis and oxygen release. It serves as the metabolic centers in cellular reactions to signals and respond via retrograde signaling. The chloroplast genome encodes many key proteins that are involved in photosynthesis and other metabolic processes. Thus the study of chloroplast genome plays an important role in plant biology and diversity.
The development of NGS methods provided scientists with faster and cheaper methods to sequence chloroplast genomes. And among all the NGS methods, Illumina is currently the major NGS platform used for chloroplast genomes because it allows the use of rolling circle amplification products. Investigators can then use bio-informatics platforms to perform de novo assembly without the need for reference genome sequences; from these assemblies, it is possible to identify consensus chloroplast genome sequences.

Chloroplast Genome Sequencing

Fig. 1 Schematic view of micro-reads assembly method for chloroplast (cp) genome

Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing

Mitochondrial disorders are heterogeneous, inherited diseases that can arise at any stage of life. Studying mutations associated with mitochondrial disorders remains a challenge due to phenotypic variability and genetic heterogeneity among individuals. Mitochondrial sequencing with NGS technology addresses some of these challenges, enabling comprehensive detection and analysis of mitochondrial mutations.

Common NGS methods for analyzing mitochondrial disease-associated mutations include whole-exome sequencing and targeted gene sequencing. Whole-exome sequencing analyzes the protein-coding regions of the genome, with the capability to expand to include untranslated regions (UTRs) and microRNAs if desired. Targeted gene sequencing focuses on specific genes or gene regions of interest with known or suspected disease associations. Compare the two methods in the table below.

The mitochondrial sequencing using NGS enables researchers to detect common and uncommon mitochondrial point mutations and deletions, and provide rapid analysis of both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA). It’s an accurate and sensitive measurement of heteroplasmy.

Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing

Fig. 2 mtDNA sequencing workflow

No	Headline	Click	Author	Date
1	Plant and Animal Whole Genome Re-Sequencing	833	Leading Biology	2018-01-26
2	Whole Exome Sequencing	824	Leading Biology	2018-01-26
3	Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing	1133	Leading Biology	2018-01-26
4	smallRNA/microRNA/circRNA/LncRNA Sequencing	809	Leading Biology	2018-01-26
5	Bacterial Genome Sequencing	819	Leading Biology	2018-01-26
6	Targeted Gene Sequencing	918	Leading Biology	2018-01-26

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Chloroplast/Mitochondrial Genome Sequencing

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